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Type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition: the immune system destroys the cells in the pancreas that make insulin, the hormone that lets sugar enter the cells. Without insulin supplied from outside, sugar builds up in the blood and the body can no longer function normally.

The person supplies this insulin themselves, by pen or pump, and monitors their blood sugar continuously. It has nothing to do with diet or lifestyle: type 1 often appears in childhood or in young adults, and stays for life.

Eating a simple sandwich is nothing trivial for a person with type 1 diabetes. Before the first bite, you have to estimate the carbohydrates, take into account the planned activity, fatigue and stress, then decide on a dose of insulin. What a pancreas adjusts automatically thousands of times a day, they calculate by hand.

This manual piloting never stops, not at night, not on holiday. A slightly high dose and it is hypoglycaemia: sweating, trembling, blurred vision, an immediate need for sugar to avoid feeling faint. A slightly low dose and blood sugar climbs. Living with type 1 means keeping in mind, at all times, a balance that no one around can see.

Beyond received ideas

Type 1 is not caused by sugar eaten in childhood or by a lack of willpower. It is an autoimmune reaction, unpredictable, that arises with no behavioural cause.

  • Insulin is vital and daily, it is not an option or a last resort.
  • Hypoglycaemia is an emergency: the person needs fast sugar right away.
  • A person in a hypo may seem absent, confused or clumsy, without being at fault.
  • The mental load of constant calculation is as tiring as the condition itself.

What helps

The most useful thing is to let the person manage their checks and injections without judging or rushing them, and to know how to react to a hypoglycaemia. At school, a PAP (a personalized support plan at school) or a PPS (an individualized schooling plan) secures meal and monitoring times; at work, breaks and the RQTH (official recognition of disabled-worker status, in France) through the MDPH (the French departmental disability office) make it possible to adapt the role without having to justify oneself constantly.

Key figures

Type 1 diabetes in a few figures

  • 5 to 10%of all diabetes cases are type 1.Source: CDC.
  • ~ 400,000people living with type 1 diabetes in the UK.Source: Diabetes UK.
  • ~ 1.3 millionUS adults living with type 1 diabetes.Source: CDC.
  • autoimmunetype 1 is not linked to lifestyle or diet.Source: NIDDK.

Possible accommodations

The key is to make possible, without friction, the monitoring gestures and the taking of sugar when needed.

  • At school: PAP (a personalized support plan at school) or PPS (an individualized schooling plan) to allow checks, snacks and access to sugar, with a hypoglycaemia protocol known to the team.
  • At work: breaks for blood sugar and insulin, flexible hours, RQTH (official recognition of disabled-worker status, in France) through the MDPH (the French departmental disability office) to formalise the accommodations.
  • In daily life: keeping sugar within reach, telling those around what to do in case of feeling faint, not dramatising the checks.

Explanations based on your profile

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Type 1 diabetes explained to a Child

0–12 years old

The pancreas is a little factory in the belly that normally makes something called insulin. This insulin helps the body use the sugar in food.

In a person with type 1 diabetes, this factory stops working. So the insulin has to come from somewhere else: it gets injected under the skin, like a little prick, several times a day.

It's a bit like the body needs a hand every day to digest sugar properly. The person has to check their blood sugar regularly (with a little prick on the finger) and learn what they can eat, when to play outside, all of this to stay well.

It didn't happen because they ate too much candy: it's just that their body decided to stop on its own. With help from an adult and the right steps, you can live very well with it!

Real cases: Type 1 diabetes

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Adult with diabetes and severe hypoglycemia
The person themselves → Passerby, colleague, first responder
In case of a sudden episode, someone understands the situation right away and knows what to do before help arrives.

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